Explore 40+ research-backed peptide profiles with dosing protocols, mechanisms of action, and key research findings.
A modified fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 177-191) with a tyrosine addition. AOD 9604 retains the fat-burning properties of HGH without its growth-promoting or diabetogenic effects, making it a targeted fat-loss research peptide.
AOD 9604 stimulates lipolysis (fat breakdown) and inhibits lipogenesis (fat formation) by mimicking the lipolytic domain of growth hormone. It activates the beta-3 adrenergic receptor pathway in adipose tissue without affecting blood sugar levels or promoting growth in other tissues. This makes it highly targeted for fat loss without the side effects of full HGH.
Typical dosing ranges from 300–600 mcg administered subcutaneously once daily, ideally on an empty stomach (fasted) in the morning. Cycles commonly run 8–12 weeks. Often combined with other metabolic peptides like Fragment 176-191 or CJC-1295/Ipamorelin.
A 15-amino acid peptide derived from gastric juice, BPC-157 has been extensively studied for its ability to accelerate tissue healing across tendons, ligaments, muscle, and the gut lining.
BPC-157 promotes angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation) and upregulates growth factor expression including VEGF, which accelerates the healing cascade in injured tissues. Research suggests it also has cytoprotective effects on the GI tract and may modulate the nitric oxide system.
Typical dosing in research ranges from 250 mcg to 500 mcg administered once or twice daily, either subcutaneously near the site of injury or systemically. Cycles commonly run 4–6 weeks with a period of rest between cycles.
A long-acting amylin analog developed by Novo Nordisk, Cagrilintide works synergistically with GLP-1 agonists for enhanced appetite suppression and weight loss. It represents the next frontier in dual-agonist metabolic therapy.
Cagrilintide mimics amylin, a hormone co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic beta cells. It activates amylin receptors in the brain to reduce appetite, slow gastric emptying, and suppress glucagon secretion. Its long half-life (approximately 7 days) enables once-weekly dosing. When combined with semaglutide (as in CagriSema), the dual-agonist approach targets multiple satiety pathways simultaneously.
Administered subcutaneously once weekly. Clinical trials use dose escalation starting at 0.25–0.3 mg weekly, gradually increasing over several weeks to a target dose of 2.4–4.5 mg weekly. Slow titration is essential to minimize GI side effects. Often studied in combination with semaglutide.
A synthetic GHRH analog that stimulates natural growth hormone release. Available in two forms — with DAC (Drug Affinity Complex) for extended half-life, or without DAC for more pulsatile GH release. Most commonly stacked with Ipamorelin for synergistic effects.
CJC-1295 is a 30-amino acid peptide analog of GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) that binds to GHRH receptors on the pituitary gland, stimulating GH production. The no-DAC version (also called Mod GRF 1-29) has a half-life of about 30 minutes, producing natural GH pulses. The DAC version extends the half-life to ~8 days, creating sustained elevated GH levels.
No DAC: 100–300 mcg subcutaneously 1–2 times daily (morning and before bed). Often combined with Ipamorelin at the same dose for enhanced effect. With DAC: 2 mg once or twice per week. Cycles run 8–12 weeks with periodic blood work to monitor IGF-1.
An extremely potent cognitive-enhancing peptide derived from angiotensin IV. Dihexa is reported to be up to 10 million times more potent than BDNF at promoting synaptic connectivity, making it one of the most powerful nootropic compounds studied.
Dihexa (N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide) is a small peptide that activates hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor c-Met in the brain. This promotes dendritic spine formation and synaptogenesis — literally creating new neural connections. It enhances synaptic plasticity and may rescue cognitive function in models of neurodegeneration.
Oral dosing: 10–20 mg once daily. Subcutaneous dosing is also studied at lower doses. Cycles typically run 2–4 weeks due to the compound's extreme potency. This is a very novel research compound with limited long-term human data — approach with caution and consult current literature.
A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) studied for its ability to activate telomerase, the enzyme that maintains telomere length. Developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson, Epithalon is one of the most studied longevity peptides.
Epithalon activates the enzyme telomerase, which adds telomeric DNA repeats to the ends of chromosomes. Telomeres naturally shorten with each cell division, contributing to aging. By reactivating telomerase, Epithalon may slow or reverse telomere shortening, extending cellular lifespan. It also stimulates melatonin production from the pineal gland.
Subcutaneous injection: 5–10 mg once daily for 10–20 consecutive days, repeated every 4–6 months. Some protocols use 5 mg twice daily for 10 days. The cyclical nature of dosing mimics the protocols used in Khavinson's published research.
A small-molecule NNMT (nicotinamide N-methyltransferase) inhibitor that targets a key metabolic enzyme linked to obesity and fat storage. Unlike most peptides, 5-Amino-1MQ is taken orally, making it uniquely convenient for metabolic research.
5-Amino-1MQ inhibits NNMT, an enzyme that is overexpressed in adipose tissue and linked to obesity. By blocking NNMT, it increases NAD+ and SAM (S-adenosyl methionine) levels in fat cells, boosting energy expenditure and reducing fat storage. It effectively shrinks fat cells rather than just emptying them.
Oral capsule dosing: beginners start at 50 mg once daily. Standard protocols use 100–150 mg daily. Often taken in the morning with or without food. Cycles typically run 4–8 weeks. May be combined with other metabolic peptides for enhanced body composition research.
A naturally occurring glycoprotein that acts as a potent myostatin inhibitor. By binding and neutralizing myostatin and activin, Follistatin 344 removes natural limits on muscle growth, making it a key compound in muscle-building and body recomposition research.
Follistatin 344 binds to and neutralizes myostatin and activin — two key proteins that limit muscle growth. By removing these "brakes" on muscle development, it allows for enhanced hypertrophy and strength gains. It also plays roles in reproductive biology, liver homeostasis, and inflammation modulation. The 344 variant is the full-length isoform with the broadest tissue distribution.
Subcutaneous injection: 100–200 mcg once daily for 10–30 day cycles. Some protocols use loading phases at higher doses followed by maintenance. This is an advanced research compound — careful monitoring is recommended due to its powerful effects on muscle growth regulation.
A senolytic peptide designed to selectively destroy senescent (zombie) cells that accumulate with age. FOXO4-DRI disrupts the interaction between FOXO4 and p53, triggering apoptosis specifically in damaged, non-functional cells while leaving healthy cells intact.
Senescent cells are damaged cells that resist apoptosis (programmed cell death) by upregulating the FOXO4–p53 interaction in their nucleus. FOXO4-DRI is a D-retro-inverso peptide that disrupts this interaction, releasing p53 to trigger the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. This selectively eliminates senescent cells while sparing healthy cells, effectively clearing the body's "zombie cells."
As a cutting-edge research compound, established human protocols are very limited. Animal studies used IP injection at 5 mg/kg three times per week. This is one of the most experimental peptides available — human dosing data is scarce. Consult the latest literature before any research use.
The lipolytic fragment of human growth hormone, consisting of amino acids 176–191. This fragment retains the fat-burning properties of HGH while being 12.5 times more potent for fat loss, without the growth-promoting or diabetogenic side effects.
Fragment 176-191 is a stabilized peptide fragment from the C-terminal region of growth hormone. It stimulates lipolysis (fat breakdown) by activating hormone-sensitive lipase in adipocytes and inhibits lipogenesis (new fat formation). Unlike full HGH, it does not compete for HGH receptors and does not affect IGF-1 levels or blood glucose.
250–500 mcg administered subcutaneously 1–2 times daily on an empty stomach. Best administered in the morning fasted or before exercise. Cycles run 8–12 weeks. Often combined with AOD 9604 or CJC-1295/Ipamorelin for enhanced body composition results.
A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide found in human plasma, saliva, and urine. GHK-Cu declines with age and is extensively studied for its role in tissue remodeling, skin regeneration, wound healing, and anti-aging pathways.
GHK-Cu delivers copper ions to tissues, activating enzymes essential for collagen synthesis, elastin production, and glycosaminoglycan formation. It stimulates dermal fibroblasts, promotes angiogenesis, has antioxidant effects, and modulates gene expression related to tissue repair and anti-inflammatory pathways.
Subcutaneous injection: 1–2 mg daily for systemic effects. Topical application is also widely studied for localized skin benefits. Beginners start at 1 mg daily. Cycles typically run 4–8 weeks. The 50 mg vial provides extended research capacity.
A synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptide that acts on the ghrelin receptor. GHRP-2 produces a strong GH pulse, increases appetite, and has a more potent GH release than GHRP-6 with somewhat less appetite stimulation.
GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. It stimulates a strong, dose-dependent GH release while also increasing ghrelin, cortisol, and prolactin to a moderate degree. It also inhibits somatostatin, the hormone that suppresses GH release, creating a dual mechanism for GH elevation.
100–300 mcg subcutaneously 1–3 times daily. Best administered on an empty stomach. Often stacked with CJC-1295 (no DAC) for synergistic GH release. Cycles run 8–12 weeks. Most commonly dosed at 100 mcg to balance GH release with minimal cortisol/prolactin elevation.
One of the earliest and most studied growth hormone-releasing peptides. GHRP-6 acts on the ghrelin receptor to produce a strong GH pulse and significantly increases appetite, making it popular in both GH optimization and bulking research.
GHRP-6 is a hexapeptide that binds to the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a), triggering a potent growth hormone release from the pituitary gland. It also strongly stimulates ghrelin release, leading to significant appetite increase. Additionally, it has cytoprotective effects on the heart and may support gastric mucosal protection.
100–300 mcg subcutaneously 1–3 times daily on an empty stomach. Often combined with CJC-1295 (no DAC) or a GHRH analog. Cycles run 8–12 weeks. The appetite-stimulating effect can be significant — account for this in research design.
A Valor Sciences specialty blend formulated for skin rejuvenation and collagen support. Glow 70 combines peptide compounds studied for their effects on skin elasticity, hydration, and cellular turnover.
Glow 70 is a proprietary blend that targets multiple pathways involved in skin health, including collagen synthesis stimulation, cellular turnover promotion, and hydration support at the dermal layer. The blend is designed for synergistic effects between its peptide components.
As a specialty blend from Valor Sciences, refer to their product documentation for specific reconstitution and dosing protocols. Results in skin-focused research are typically assessed over 8–12 week periods.
A glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist that mimics the incretin hormone GLP-1. FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management, semaglutide is one of the most extensively studied metabolic peptides.
Semaglutide binds to GLP-1 receptors, enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon release, slowing gastric emptying, and reducing appetite through central nervous system pathways. Its long half-life allows for once-weekly dosing.
Dosing follows a slow titration: start at 0.25 mg once weekly for 4 weeks, increase to 0.5 mg for 4 weeks, then titrate up monthly in 0.5 mg increments to a maintenance dose of 1–2.4 mg weekly. Slow titration is critical to minimize GI side effects.
A dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist that represents the next generation of metabolic peptides. Tirzepatide activates both incretin pathways simultaneously, producing superior outcomes in clinical weight management and glycemic control research.
Tirzepatide is a dual-action peptide that activates both GLP-1 and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) receptors. This dual mechanism enhances insulin sensitivity, reduces appetite, and promotes fat oxidation more effectively than single-receptor agonists. The GIP pathway adds complementary metabolic benefits.
Start at 2.5 mg once weekly for 4 weeks, then titrate to 5 mg weekly. Further increases in 2.5 mg increments every 4 weeks as tolerated up to 10–15 mg weekly. Slow titration is essential. Administer subcutaneously in abdomen, thigh, or upper arm.
GLP-3 (Glucagon-Like Peptide 3) is an emerging research peptide being studied for its roles in metabolic regulation, gut mucosal health, and potential applications in weight management pathways.
GLP-3 belongs to the glucagon-like peptide family and acts through metabolic receptor pathways. Research is exploring its role in intestinal mucosal proliferation, nutrient absorption optimization, and metabolic signaling cascades.
As an emerging research peptide, protocols are still being established in the literature. Researchers typically start with conservative dosing and titrate based on study parameters. Consult current literature for the latest protocol guidance.
One of the most potent growth hormone-releasing peptides available. Hexarelin produces the largest GH pulse among all GHRPs and also exhibits notable cardioprotective properties, making it unique in the growth hormone research space.
Hexarelin binds to both the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) and the CD36 receptor. The GHS-R1a binding triggers potent GH release, while CD36 binding mediates cardioprotective effects including improved cardiac contractility and coronary artery dilation. Unlike other GHRPs, it does not significantly increase appetite due to its limited effect on ghrelin.
100–200 mcg subcutaneously 1–2 times daily. Due to desensitization concerns, cycles are typically shorter (4–8 weeks) with equal time off between cycles. Often used as an alternative to Ipamorelin when maximum GH release is the research goal.
A mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP) originally discovered in surviving neurons of Alzheimer's disease patients. Humanin exhibits powerful cytoprotective, neuroprotective, and metabolic effects, and is a key target in longevity and neurodegenerative disease research.
Humanin is a 24-amino acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome. It protects cells from apoptosis by interacting with BAX (a pro-apoptotic protein), activating STAT3 signaling, and binding to IGFBP-3. It reduces oxidative stress, improves mitochondrial function, and modulates insulin sensitivity. Its levels naturally decline with age.
Humanin research is primarily preclinical. Synthetic analogs like HNG (S14G-humanin) have been developed for enhanced potency and stability. Dosing protocols are still being established. This is a cutting-edge longevity research compound — consult current literature for the latest guidance.
A modified version of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 with an extended half-life. IGF-1 LR3 is one of the most potent anabolic peptides, promoting muscle hyperplasia (new muscle cell formation) rather than just hypertrophy, with effects lasting up to 24 hours.
IGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 Insulin-like Growth Factor-1) is an 83-amino acid analog of IGF-1 with a 13-amino acid extension at the N-terminus and an arginine substitution at position 3. These modifications give it a dramatically longer half-life (~20-30 hours vs 15 minutes for native IGF-1) and reduce binding to IGF binding proteins, keeping more active IGF-1 in circulation.
20–50 mcg subcutaneously or intramuscularly once daily. Often administered post-workout for maximum effect. Cycles are typically short: 4–6 weeks maximum, followed by equal time off. Some protocols use bilateral intramuscular injection in target muscle groups. This is a powerful compound — careful monitoring is essential.
A selective growth hormone secretagogue peptide (GHSP) that stimulates GH release without significantly affecting cortisol or prolactin levels, making it one of the cleanest GH-releasing peptides available for research.
Ipamorelin is a pentapeptide that selectively mimics ghrelin and binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) in the pituitary gland. Unlike other GHRPs, it produces a very targeted GH release without significantly elevating cortisol, acetylcholine, prolactin, or aldosterone, resulting in fewer side effects.
Beginner dosing typically starts at 100 mcg subcutaneously 1–2 times daily (morning and/or before bed). Intermediate protocols use 200–300 mcg 2–3 times daily. Commonly stacked with CJC-1295 (no DAC) for enhanced GH pulsatility. Cycles typically run 8–12 weeks.
A neuropeptide that acts as the master regulator of the reproductive hormone axis. Kisspeptin signals the hypothalamus to release GnRH, which triggers LH and FSH release. It is studied for fertility, hormonal health, and as a potential alternative to HCG.
Kisspeptin (encoded by the KISS1 gene) binds to GPR54 (KISS1R) receptors on GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus, triggering the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This cascade stimulates the pituitary to release LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), which regulate testosterone production, ovulation, and fertility.
Clinical studies use intravenous or subcutaneous administration of kisspeptin-10 or kisspeptin-54 at varying doses. This is primarily a clinical research compound with limited established self-administration protocols. Consult current literature for the latest dosing guidance.
A tripeptide derived from the C-terminal end of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). KPV is a potent anti-inflammatory peptide studied for gut health, wound healing, and inflammatory conditions — without the tanning or hormonal effects of full-length MSH.
KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) retains the anti-inflammatory signaling of its parent molecule α-MSH but without binding to melanocortin receptors. It reduces inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activation, decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), and penetrating cell membranes to exert intracellular anti-inflammatory effects. It is particularly studied for gastrointestinal inflammation.
Subcutaneous injection: 200–500 mcg 1–2 times daily. Oral/capsule forms are also studied for direct GI effects. Some researchers use BPC-157 + KPV stacks for comprehensive gut healing protocols. Cycles typically run 4–8 weeks.
A linear analog of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) that stimulates melanin production. FDA-approved (as Scenesse) for erythropoietic protoporphyria, Melanotan 1 promotes a natural tan and increased UV protection without extensive sun exposure.
Melanotan 1 (afamelanotide) is a 13-amino acid synthetic peptide that activates melanocortin 1 receptors (MC1R) in melanocytes. This triggers increased production and distribution of eumelanin — the dark, photoprotective form of melanin. Unlike Melanotan 2, it is highly selective for MC1R, resulting in tanning effects without significant appetite suppression or sexual side effects.
Subcutaneous injection: 0.5–1 mg once daily during a loading phase (7–14 days), followed by maintenance dosing of 0.5–1 mg every 2–3 days. Brief, moderate UV exposure during use enhances melanin production. Effects may take 1–2 weeks to become visible.
A cyclic peptide analog of α-MSH with broad melanocortin receptor activity. Melanotan 2 produces skin tanning, appetite suppression, and enhanced sexual arousal. Its non-selective receptor binding makes it more multifunctional but also causes more side effects than MT-1.
Melanotan 2 is a cyclic heptapeptide that non-selectively activates multiple melanocortin receptors (MC1R through MC5R). MC1R activation produces tanning, MC3R/MC4R activation reduces appetite and increases sexual arousal, and MC5R may affect exocrine function. This broad activity profile makes it multifunctional but also contributes to a wider side effect profile including nausea, flushing, and involuntary arousal.
Loading phase: 0.25–0.5 mg subcutaneously once daily for 7–14 days. Maintenance: 0.5 mg every 2–3 days. Start with low doses (0.1–0.25 mg) to assess tolerance, as initial nausea is very common. Brief UV exposure enhances tanning effect. Monitor moles for changes during use.
A splice variant of IGF-1 that is naturally produced in response to mechanical stress on muscle tissue. MGF activates satellite cells (muscle stem cells), initiating muscle repair and growth specifically in damaged tissue. Often used as the PEGylated form (PEG-MGF) for extended half-life.
MGF (IGF-1Ec) is produced by muscle cells in response to mechanical damage from exercise. It activates satellite cells — dormant muscle stem cells that fuse with existing muscle fibers to repair damage and add new nuclei for growth. Native MGF has a very short half-life (minutes), so the PEGylated form (PEG-MGF) extends activity to several days. Unlike IGF-1 LR3, MGF specifically targets local muscle repair.
Standard MGF: 100–200 mcg injected bilaterally into target muscles immediately post-workout. PEG-MGF: 200 mcg subcutaneously 2–3 times per week. Not typically used on the same day as IGF-1 LR3. Cycles run 4–6 weeks with equal time off.
A mitochondria-derived peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome that plays a key role in metabolic regulation, exercise physiology, cellular stress response, and aging research.
MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid peptide that functions as a signaling molecule linking mitochondrial activity to nuclear gene expression. It activates AMPK, regulates metabolic homeostasis, and enhances cellular stress resistance. It has been called an "exercise mimetic" for its ability to activate pathways similar to physical exercise.
Beginner dosing starts at 5 mg subcutaneously 3 times per week. Intermediate protocols use 10 mg 3–5 times per week. Often administered on training days for exercise performance research. Typical cycles run 4–8 weeks.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme present in all living cells that is essential for energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. NAD+ levels naturally decline with age, making supplementation a key area of longevity research.
NAD+ is a critical cofactor for sirtuins (SIRT1-7), PARPs, and CD38 — enzymes involved in DNA repair, gene expression regulation, cellular stress response, and circadian rhythm maintenance. Subcutaneous NAD+ bypasses the digestive system for more direct cellular uptake compared to oral precursors like NMN or NR.
Subcutaneous injection: beginners start at 50–100 mg daily. Standard protocols use 100–200 mg daily. The 1000 mg vial supports extended research. Some protocols use 2–3 times per week rather than daily. Note: SubQ injections may produce a temporary stinging sensation. Cycles can run ongoing with periodic blood work.
An FDA-approved melanocortin receptor agonist derived from Melanotan 2. PT-141 is the only peptide approved for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). Unlike PDE5 inhibitors, it works through the central nervous system to increase sexual desire and arousal.
PT-141 (bremelanotide) activates melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) in the hypothalamus, directly stimulating the neural pathways responsible for sexual desire and arousal. Unlike Viagra/Cialis (which act on blood flow), PT-141 works centrally to increase libido through dopaminergic pathways. It was developed from Melanotan 2 research when sexual arousal was observed as a side effect.
0.5–2 mg administered subcutaneously approximately 45 minutes before desired effect. Not intended for daily use — recommended no more than once every 24 hours and no more than 8 doses per month. Start with a low dose (0.5 mg) to assess tolerance. Nausea is common with the first dose and typically diminishes.
A synthetic analog of the naturally occurring immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin, developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Russia. Selank is studied for its anxiolytic, nootropic, and immune-modulating properties without sedative side effects.
Selank modulates the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and influences serotonergic and GABAergic systems. It enhances the stability of enkephalins in the brain, producing anxiolytic effects. It also modulates IL-6 expression and has immunomodulatory properties.
Typically administered intranasally at 250–500 mcg 1–2 times daily. Subcutaneous dosing at 250–500 mcg is also studied. Beginners start at 250 mcg once daily. Effects are typically noticeable within the first week. Cycles run 2–4 weeks with a break between.
A synthetic peptide derived from a fragment of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), developed in Russia for cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection. Semax is studied for focus, memory, and neurological recovery without hormonal side effects.
Semax is a heptapeptide (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) that enhances BDNF and NGF expression, stimulates dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, and has melanocortin receptor activity. Despite being derived from ACTH, it does not stimulate adrenal cortex hormone production, making it safe for cognitive research.
Intranasal administration at 200–600 mcg 1–2 times daily. Beginners start at 200 mcg once daily in the morning. Subcutaneous injection at similar doses is also studied. Cycles commonly run 10–20 days with equal time off between. Often stacked with Selank for combined anxiolytic and cognitive effects.
A well-established GHRH analog consisting of the first 29 amino acids of GHRH. Sermorelin stimulates natural GH production and has decades of clinical research supporting its use for GH optimization.
Sermorelin mimics natural GHRH and binds to GHRH receptors on the pituitary gland, stimulating the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone. It preserves the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and maintains natural GH pulsatility, making it a preferred option over exogenous GH for age-related GH decline.
Typical dosing ranges from 100–300 mcg administered subcutaneously before bedtime (to synergize with natural nocturnal GH pulses). Protocols typically run 3–6 months for optimal results, with periodic blood work to monitor IGF-1 levels.
A novel ERRα (Estrogen-Related Receptor alpha) agonist being studied as an "exercise in a pill." SLU-PP-332 activates the same metabolic pathways triggered by physical exercise, increasing endurance and fat oxidation in preclinical research.
SLU-PP-332 is a small-molecule agonist of ERRα, a nuclear receptor that regulates mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid metabolism. By activating ERRα, it mimics the transcriptional changes caused by exercise, including increased expression of genes involved in fat burning and muscle fiber type switching.
Supplied as 250 mcg oral capsules (60 per bottle). As an emerging research compound, established human protocols are limited. Preclinical studies used daily oral dosing. Researchers typically start at 1 capsule daily and assess. This is a very new compound — consult the latest literature for updated guidance.
A mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane. SS-31 restores mitochondrial function, reduces oxidative stress, and is in clinical trials for multiple age-related diseases.
SS-31 selectively targets cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane due to its alternating aromatic-cationic motif. By stabilizing cardiolipin-cytochrome c interactions, it optimizes electron transport chain efficiency, reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and prevents mitochondrial-triggered apoptosis. This restores energy production at the cellular level.
Subcutaneous injection: 0.5–5 mg once daily. Clinical trials have used doses up to 40 mg IV. Cycles in research typically run 4–8 weeks. This is a compound with active clinical trials — check ClinicalTrials.gov for the latest data on dosing and outcomes.
A synthetic version of Thymosin Beta-4, TB-500 is a naturally occurring peptide found in virtually all human and animal cells. It plays a critical role in tissue repair, cell migration, and new blood vessel formation.
TB-500 upregulates actin, a cell-building protein essential for healing and cell migration. It promotes angiogenesis, reduces inflammation, and facilitates tissue repair by enabling cells to migrate to the site of injury. Its small molecular size allows it to travel freely through tissues with systemic effects.
Loading phase: 2–5 mg administered subcutaneously twice per week for 4–6 weeks. Maintenance phase: 2–5 mg every 1–2 weeks. Beginners typically start at 2 mg twice weekly. Commonly stacked with BPC-157 for enhanced recovery protocols.
An FDA-approved GHRH analog, Tesamorelin is one of the most well-studied peptides for stimulating natural growth hormone release, with significant research on body composition and visceral fat reduction.
Tesamorelin is a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog that acts on pituitary somatotroph cells to stimulate the production and secretion of endogenous growth hormone. Unlike exogenous GH, it maintains the body's natural pulsatile release pattern and negative feedback loops.
Standard clinical dosing is 2 mg administered subcutaneously once daily, typically before bed or in the morning on an empty stomach. Research protocols commonly run 12–26 weeks. Some protocols use lower doses of 1 mg daily.
A triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) originally developed for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. When weight loss was observed as a dramatic side effect, research pivoted to obesity treatment, where it showed superior results to existing therapies.
Tesofensine inhibits the reuptake of three key neurotransmitters: serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This triple-action mechanism suppresses appetite through serotonergic pathways, increases thermogenesis and energy expenditure through noradrenergic pathways, and enhances motivation and reward through dopaminergic pathways. The combined effect produces significant and sustained weight loss.
Oral capsule: 0.25–0.5 mg once daily. The 0.5 mg dose showed the most significant weight loss in trials. Blood pressure and heart rate monitoring is recommended due to the noradrenergic effects. Not recommended for individuals with cardiovascular conditions or those taking other stimulant medications.
A naturally occurring thymic peptide that serves as a master immune regulator. Thymosin Alpha-1 is FDA-approved in over 30 countries for hepatitis B/C and as an immune adjuvant. It enhances both innate and adaptive immunity without causing immune overstimulation.
Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) acts on dendritic cells and T-cells to enhance immune surveillance. It stimulates T-cell maturation, increases natural killer cell activity, promotes dendritic cell differentiation, and modulates cytokine production. Uniquely, it balances the immune response — upregulating when needed and preventing overactivation. It activates toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR9) and stimulates both Th1 and Th2 pathways.
Standard dosing: 1.6 mg subcutaneously 2–3 times per week. Clinical protocols use 1.6 mg twice weekly for chronic conditions. Some intensive protocols use daily dosing for 2–4 weeks during acute immune challenges. Can be used long-term with excellent safety profile.
A 43-amino acid peptide found in virtually all tissues and cell types. Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4) is the parent molecule of TB-500 and plays a fundamental role in tissue repair, wound healing, inflammation modulation, and cardiac protection. It is the most abundant member of the beta-thymosin family.
Thymosin Beta-4 sequesters G-actin (monomeric actin), regulating actin polymerization which is essential for cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. It promotes angiogenesis, reduces inflammation through NF-κB modulation, and activates cardiac progenitor cells. TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4 containing the active region, but full-length Tβ4 provides additional biological activities.
Loading phase: 2–5 mg subcutaneously twice weekly for 4–6 weeks. Maintenance: 2–5 mg once every 1–2 weeks. Often used interchangeably with TB-500 (its active fragment). Commonly stacked with BPC-157 for comprehensive healing protocols.
Premium research peptides with third-party purity testing. Explore their full catalog including BPC-157, Tesamorelin, Sermorelin, GLP-3, specialty blends, and more.